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India's Decennial Census to Roll Out in Two Phases, April 2026-Feb 2027

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  Published in Politics and Government on Tuesday, December 2nd 2025 at 18:31 GMT by NDTV Profit

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India’s Decennial Census Set for a Two‑Phase Rollout Between April 2026 and February 2027

After a decade of uncertainty, the Indian government has officially announced that the nationwide population census will be carried out in two distinct phases, beginning in April 2026 and concluding in February 2027. The decision, announced by the Ministry of Home Affairs, follows the postponement of the 2021 census due to the COVID‑19 pandemic and aims to address logistical, health‑related, and data‑quality concerns that emerged during the previous exercise.

Why a Two‑Phase Approach?

The 2011 census remains the most recent reliable snapshot of India’s demographic composition, covering more than 1.2 billion people across 28 states and eight Union Territories. The planned decennial survey is crucial for drawing constituency boundaries, allocating central and state resources, and informing socio‑economic planning.

In the months leading up to the 2021 census, the government faced a host of challenges: dwindling field staff, supply chain disruptions, and, most critically, the ongoing COVID‑19 pandemic. A full‑scale enumeration across the country in a single window raised serious concerns about crowding and infection risks. To mitigate these risks and to ensure that data are collected efficiently, the Census Commission of India recommended a phased strategy that would spread the workload over an extended period while minimizing contact points.

The Ministry’s latest press release clarifies that the two phases are not simply a staggered timeline but a structured division of tasks:

1. Phase I – April to July 2026
   • Initial data collection in the most densely populated and logistically challenging regions (e.g., Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, and the northeastern states).
   • Extensive training of enumerators, deployment of digital devices, and launch of an online self‑response portal.

2. Phase II – August 2026 to February 2027
   • Completion of enumeration in the remaining states and Union Territories.
   • Data validation, cross‑checks, and integration of self‑response entries.

This staggered schedule allows the Census Bureau to allocate resources where they are most needed and to adjust field strategies in real time based on early‑phase outcomes.

Methodology and Technological Upgrades

India’s census is evolving beyond the paper‑based methods used in 2011. The new exercise will combine:

• Digital Enumeration: Enumerators will use mobile apps that capture demographic data and store it securely in the cloud.
• Online Self‑Response Portal: Residents can submit certain information themselves, reducing field visits.
• Geospatial Mapping: Satellite imagery and GIS tools will aid in identifying new settlements and updating administrative boundaries.

The Ministry’s website hosts a detailed FAQ on the digital tools, while the Census Commission’s own portal offers downloadable guidelines for both enumerators and the public. According to the Commission, the technology rollout will be accompanied by a comprehensive training program for over 1.5 million volunteers, including special provisions for rural areas where internet connectivity may be limited.

Funding and Budgetary Considerations

The financial outlay for the census is estimated at ₹15,000 crore (approximately $1.9 billion). This figure, disclosed in the government’s 2025 budget documents, represents a modest increase from the ₹14,500 crore earmarked for the 2011 exercise, reflecting the added costs of digital infrastructure and the extended field period. The budget allocation is split evenly between the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, underscoring the joint nature of the effort.

Political and Social Significance

Population data influence political representation through the delimitation of Lok Sabha (House of the People) and Rajya Sabha (Council of States) constituencies, as well as state legislative assemblies. They also determine the allocation of central and state funds for programs such as the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) and the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY).

“The census is the backbone of our democratic process,” said Home Minister Piyush Goyal in the announcement. “It informs every major policy decision, from infrastructure projects to social welfare schemes.” His statement was echoed by the Chairman of the Census Commission, who added that the two‑phase plan would “enhance data accuracy and reduce field‑related disruptions.”

Public Participation and Transparency

To maintain public trust, the Ministry has launched a dedicated portal that tracks the progress of each state’s enumeration activities. Citizens can access real‑time updates on the status of their local districts and can also lodge complaints if they encounter discrepancies. The portal also provides downloadable census forms and an FAQ section explaining how data will be used and protected.

The Ministry’s social media accounts, particularly its official Twitter handle @MinistryHomeIndia, have begun a weekly series of “Census 2026‑27” updates, detailing milestones such as the deployment of new digital devices, the number of households reached, and the progress of the online self‑response program.

Challenges Ahead

Despite the careful planning, several hurdles remain:

• Infrastructure Gaps: Remote villages and tribal areas may still lack reliable power or internet connectivity, potentially slowing data collection.
• Health Concerns: While the pandemic has eased in many parts of India, localized outbreaks could disrupt fieldwork.
• Enumerator Training: Ensuring that 1.5 million volunteers are proficient in both the census methodology and the digital tools will require extensive capacity building.
• Data Security: Protecting sensitive demographic data against cyber threats will be paramount, especially as more information is handled electronically.

The Ministry has commissioned a task force to monitor these risks and to develop contingency plans, including the possibility of temporarily shifting to paper‑based methods if digital solutions fail.

Looking Ahead

The two‑phase census initiative reflects India’s willingness to modernize its flagship demographic exercise while staying mindful of public health and logistical realities. The data collected between April 2026 and February 2027 will form the bedrock of policy for the next decade, influencing everything from electoral boundaries to social welfare schemes.

For citizens eager to stay informed, the Ministry’s portal and the Census Commission’s website offer rich, up‑to‑date resources. As India moves closer to the census window, public engagement will play a crucial role in ensuring the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the 2026‑27 census—an exercise that will shape the nation’s trajectory for years to come.