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Government shutdown 101: We've been here before, here's what happens next

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  Published in Politics and Government on Wednesday, October 8th 2025 at 10:56 GMT by Fox News
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The U.S. Government Shutdown: 101—What Happens When Congress Fails to Pay the Nation

A federal government shutdown is a moment when the nation’s machinery stalls, federal workers sit idle, and citizens wait for essential services to resume. Fox News’ recent feature, “Government Shutdown 101 – We’ve Been Here Before, Here’s What Happens Next,” breaks down the complex process into plain language, drawing on historical precedent, congressional procedures, and real‑world impacts. Below is a comprehensive, 500‑plus‑word summary of the article, with added context from the linked stories it cites.

1. The Anatomy of a Shutdown

The article opens by explaining that the federal budget is split into mandatory and discretionary spending. Mandatory spending (social‑security, Medicare, Medicaid) is automatically funded by law, while discretionary spending—about 43 % of the budget—requires annual appropriations bills or a continuing resolution (CR).

When Congress fails to pass either the appropriation bills or a CR before the fiscal year ends (October 1), the President can veto the impasse, and the funding gap becomes a shutdown. Essential services, such as national defense, air traffic control, and federal law enforcement, continue; everything else is forced to shut down or furlough staff.

2. Historical Backdrop

Fox News contextualizes the current risk by citing three major shutdowns of the last decade:

The article links to the Fox News recap of the 2018‑19 shutdown (“Why the 2018‑19 Shutdown Happened and How It Affects You”) and to the 2013 overview (“The 2013 Shutdown: How It Unfolded and Its Aftermath”). Both pieces underscore that while each shutdown had unique catalysts, the procedural mechanics remain the same.

3. Who Decides?

Congress initiates the shutdown process. The House and Senate Appropriations Committees draft bills; the full chambers debate and vote. If a bill passes both houses, it is sent to the President. Should the President refuse to sign (often because the bill is too costly or politically unacceptable), Congress can override the veto with a two‑thirds majority—an unlikely event in a polarized Congress.

The article clarifies that the President’s veto power is a check on Congress, but a shutdown rarely reflects a single “executive decision.” Rather, it is the culmination of stalled negotiations between House and Senate leaders, party‑aligned priorities, and, crucially, the President’s policy agenda.

4. Who Gets Affected?

The article enumerates the federal workforce (≈ 800,000 employees). During a shutdown, about half are furloughed (no pay, no work). Others, classified as “essential,” continue working but receive delayed compensation.

Federal agencies most commonly affected include:

• National Park Service, Forest Service, and other wildlife refuges
• Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inspection units
• National Geospatial‑Intelligence Agency
• Social Security Administration (non‑urgent services)
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) routine operations

However, essential services such as the Department of Defense, FBI, TSA, and the Department of Homeland Security operate on emergency funds or remain exempt.

5. The Human Toll

The Fox News article highlights a human dimension that often gets lost in policy talk: families waiting for passports, students denied visas, and travelers stranded at airports. It draws on a study by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) cited in the article, which estimates that a 5‑day shutdown costs the federal economy $1.4 billion in lost productivity.

The piece also points to a Fox News investigative report (“Furloughed Workers: What They’re Doing While the Government Stays Closed”) that profiles federal employees who set up makeshift “office” kitchens and volunteer at community events to stay productive.

6. Economic and National‑Security Implications

A shutdown can ripple into the broader economy. The article quotes an economist from the National Bureau of Economic Research (link: “Economist Explains Shutdown Costs”) who notes that even short outages can delay construction projects, halt federal procurement, and undermine confidence in U.S. governance.

From a national‑security perspective, the article emphasizes that most critical defense and intelligence functions are insulated. Nevertheless, any interruption in intelligence analysis or air‑traffic control poses risk. It references the Defense Department’s own warning that “any extended shutdown could hamper counter‑terrorism efforts” (Fox News link: “Defense Department Issues Warning on Potential Shutdown Effects”).

7. The Likely Path Forward

Fox News paints the future as a political chess game. The article outlines three scenarios:

1. CR Acceptance – A short‑term, “stop‑gap” bill is passed, avoiding a shutdown but keeping spending low. This scenario has happened in 2013 and 2019.
2. Full Appropriations – Both houses agree on a full-year appropriations package. Historically rare, this would settle the debate permanently.
3. Prolonged Stalemate – No agreement by fiscal‑year end, leading to a multi‑day shutdown. The article stresses that a longer shutdown often forces parties to compromise under public pressure.

The piece also cites a Fox News interview with a former House Budget Committee staffer (“Budget Negotiations: Inside the House’s Tactics”) who explains that “political posturing often extends beyond fiscal necessity.”

8. What Citizens Can Do

In closing, the article encourages public participation:

• Contact Representatives – Citizens can call their congressional offices to express concerns about specific agencies (e.g., the National Park Service) that may be impacted.
• Support Legislative Oversight – Voting for candidates who prioritize bipartisan budget negotiations.
• Stay Informed – Follow credible sources, such as the CBO and the U.S. Treasury reports, for real‑time data on the shutdown’s economic impact.

Bottom Line

The Fox News feature offers a “101” primer that demystifies the shutdown process, illustrates its historical patterns, and highlights the tangible costs to workers, citizens, and the nation’s economy. By weaving in linked articles and expert commentary, the piece provides a holistic view that any researcher or curious reader can digest in about five minutes.

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