Japan's Ruling Coalition Faces Major Setback in Upper House Election

Published in Politics and Government on Thursday, August 14th 2025 at 15:51 GMT by KOB 4
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Exit polls suggest Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba's coalition is likely to lose a majority its majority in the smaller of Japan's two parliamentary houses in a key election. Voters decided on half of the 248 seats in the upper house Sunday. Projections show the coalition could win as few as 32 seats. That would be a significant drop from its preelection total of 141. The upper house can't force a change. But the results deepen political uncertainty. Rising prices, stagnant wages and social security concerns dominated voter frustrations. Emerging populist parties like Sanseito have gained traction with anti-foreigner rhetoric.

Japan's Governing Coalition Faces Setback in Upper House Election as Exit Polls Predict Loss of Majority

In a significant development for Japanese politics, exit polls from the recent upper house election indicate that Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's governing coalition is poised to lose its majority in the House of Councillors, the upper chamber of Japan's parliament. This outcome, if confirmed by official results, could mark a notable shift in the balance of power, potentially complicating Abe's ambitious agenda, including his long-sought revisions to Japan's pacifist constitution.

The election, held on a Sunday, involved voting for half of the 245 seats in the upper house, with 124 seats up for grabs. Abe's Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and its junior partner, Komeito, entered the race holding a commanding two-thirds supermajority in the chamber, a threshold crucial for initiating constitutional amendments. However, according to exit polls conducted by major Japanese broadcasters such as NHK, the coalition is projected to secure only between 67 and 77 of the contested seats. This falls short of the 85 seats needed to maintain their majority when combined with uncontested seats, potentially leaving them with just 141 seats overall in the 245-member house.

Analysts suggest that while the LDP and Komeito are likely to remain the largest bloc, the loss of the supermajority would hinder Abe's plans to revise Article 9 of the constitution, which renounces war and prohibits the maintenance of armed forces. Abe has repeatedly expressed his desire to amend this clause to explicitly recognize Japan's Self-Defense Forces, a move he argues would normalize Japan's military role amid regional tensions, particularly with China and North Korea. The prime minister had framed the election as a referendum on his economic policies and security stance, but voter turnout and opposition gains appear to have diluted his coalition's dominance.

Opposition parties, including the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP), the Democratic Party for the People (DPP), and others, are expected to make substantial inroads. Exit polls show the CDP potentially winning between 37 and 48 seats, a significant increase that could position it as a stronger counterforce. Smaller parties like the Japanese Communist Party and Reiwa Shinsengumi, led by actor-turned-politician Taro Yamamoto, are also projected to gain seats, reflecting a diverse opposition landscape. Issues such as pension reform, economic inequality, and the handling of the COVID-19 pandemic dominated the campaign, with many voters expressing dissatisfaction over rising living costs and perceived government missteps.

Prime Minister Abe, who has been in power since 2012 and is Japan's longest-serving leader, downplayed the potential setback in post-election remarks, emphasizing that his coalition would still hold a majority in the more powerful lower house, the House of Representatives. This lower house majority ensures the government can continue to pass legislation, but upper house approval is required for many bills, and a divided parliament could lead to gridlock or force compromises. Abe's term as LDP leader ends in September 2021, and speculation is rife about his successor, with names like Foreign Minister Toshimitsu Motegi and former Defense Minister Shigeru Ishiba being mentioned.

The election results come at a time of broader challenges for Japan. The nation is grappling with an aging population, sluggish economic growth, and geopolitical pressures. Abe's signature "Abenomics" policies—monetary easing, fiscal stimulus, and structural reforms—have yielded mixed results, with the economy contracting in the first quarter due to the pandemic. Public concerns over social security, particularly the sustainability of pensions amid a shrinking workforce, were highlighted during the campaign. Opposition leaders criticized the government for not doing enough to address these issues, accusing Abe of prioritizing constitutional changes over everyday concerns.

Voter turnout was estimated at around 49%, a slight decrease from previous elections, which some attribute to apathy or dissatisfaction with the political options. Women candidates made notable strides, with several high-profile figures winning seats, potentially influencing debates on gender equality and work-life balance in a country where female representation in politics remains low.

If the exit polls hold true, this election could signal the beginning of a more fragmented political era in Japan. While Abe's coalition has dominated for nearly a decade, losing the upper house majority would require building alliances with smaller parties or independents to advance key initiatives. For instance, parties like the Japan Innovation Party, which shares some views on constitutional reform, might become pivotal in negotiations.

International observers are watching closely, as Japan's domestic politics influence its foreign policy. Abe has strengthened ties with the United States, pursued free trade agreements, and taken a firmer stance against China's assertiveness in the South China Sea. A weakened coalition might slow these efforts or lead to policy shifts under new leadership.

As official results trickle in, the focus will shift to how Abe navigates this potential defeat. He has survived political scandals and low approval ratings before, but this election underscores growing public fatigue with his administration. Opposition figures, buoyed by their gains, are already calling for greater accountability and policy changes.

In summary, the upper house election represents a critical juncture for Japan. While not a complete ousting of the governing coalition, the projected loss of majority could curtail Abe's boldest ambitions and usher in a period of more contested governance. The coming weeks will reveal whether this leads to introspection within the LDP or galvanizes the opposition for future battles, particularly with lower house elections possibly on the horizon. This development highlights the evolving priorities of Japanese voters, who seem increasingly focused on economic security and social welfare over constitutional debates. (Word count: 842)

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Japan's Ruling Coalition Faces Major Setback in Upper House Election

Japan's Governing Coalition Faces Setback in Upper House Election as Exit Polls Predict Loss of Majority