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What led to Syria's 13-year civil war, and why has fighting surged again?

The Syrian civil war, now in its 13th year, began as part of the Arab Spring protests in 2011, initially demanding democratic reforms but escalating into a full-scale conflict due to the government's brutal crackdown. The war has drawn in various international actors, including Russia, Iran, Turkey, and the United States, each supporting different factions. The conflict has led to over 500,000 deaths, displaced millions, and caused widespread destruction. Recently, fighting has surged again, particularly in the northwest, due to a combination of factors: the Syrian government, backed by Russia, has intensified its military operations against opposition-held areas, aiming to reclaim territory. This escalation is also influenced by the broader geopolitical dynamics, including Turkey's military operations against Kurdish forces, and the ongoing power struggles among various rebel groups. The resurgence in violence has led to increased civilian casualties and displacement, exacerbating the humanitarian crisis in the region.

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[ https://www.msn.com/en-us/politics/government/what-led-to-syria-s-13-year-civil-war-and-why-has-fighting-surged-again/ar-AA1v5i6e ]