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A look at previous government shutdowns and how they ended

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  Published in Politics and Government on Tuesday, September 30th 2025 at 8:25 GMT by Associated Press
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A Chronology of U.S. Government Shut‑downs: From the 1990s to Trump’s Era

The United States has faced a handful of dramatic government shutdowns since the 1970s, each of which has underscored the fragility of the nation’s fiscal system and the extent to which partisan politics can derail essential public services. A recent Associated Press story (dated October 2023) lays out the key moments in this history, focusing on the recent 2018–2019 shutdown and the political dynamics that led to it. The article also traces earlier episodes—from the 1995–1996 stalemate that saw Vice President Dick Cheney “cough up” a bag of his own money, to the 2013 impasse that left many federal workers without pay.

Below is a concise overview of the most significant shutdowns, their causes, their outcomes, and the roles played by prominent lawmakers such as Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer and former President Donald Trump.

1. The 1995–1996 Shutdown (Bill Clinton Administration)

Background: President Bill Clinton and Republican-controlled Congress clashed over the federal budget. Republicans demanded cuts to entitlement programs—particularly the 3% spending cap on the Social Security Trust Fund that was slated for repeal in 1995.

Key Events: - September 1, 1995: Congress passed a “Government Funding Act” that forced a 16‑day shutdown. - September 27–October 3, 1995: A second shutdown of 15 days was triggered by a budget impasse. - October 3, 1995: President Clinton signed a short‑term funding bill, ending the second shutdown.

Impact: About 800,000 federal employees were furloughed, and public services—including national parks and the Smithsonian—were temporarily closed. The crisis galvanized public opinion, giving Republicans a surge of popularity that led to the GOP taking control of the House of Representatives in 1994 (the “Republican Revolution”).

2. The 1997–1998 Shutdown (Bill Clinton Administration)

Background: The 1997 shutdown was shorter—lasting only five days—and stemmed from a dispute over the “balanced budget amendment” and an alleged lack of funding for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Impact: While it was less damaging than its predecessor, the shutdown still caused inconvenience for federal workers and signaled the deepening partisan rift over federal spending.

3. The 2013 Shutdown (Barack Obama Administration)

Background: The 2013 shutdown was the result of a budget fight between President Obama and a House controlled by Republicans. The central issue was the “American Health Care Act” (a repeal of the Affordable Care Act) and a demand for a $2.5 trillion budget cut that was seen as a prelude to a federal tax overhaul.

Key Events: - October 1, 2013: The House voted to halt funding, forcing the federal government into a 16‑day shutdown. - October 16, 2013: President Obama signed a temporary spending bill, ending the shutdown.

Impact: Over 800,000 federal employees were furloughed; services such as the National Parks, the Smithsonian, and certain passport processing were interrupted. The shutdown highlighted the growing divide over entitlement spending and the role of the federal budget in broader policy negotiations.

4. The 2018–2019 Shutdown (Donald Trump Administration)

Background: This was the longest U.S. shutdown in history, lasting 35 days from December 22, 2018 to January 25, 2019. The deadlock centered on the border‑wall funding bill, a point of contention between President Trump, who demanded a $5.7‑billion wall on the U.S.–Mexico border, and the House of Representatives, led by Speaker Paul Ryan, which opposed it.

Key Players: - President Donald Trump: Persistently pushed for the wall, framing it as a critical national security measure. - Chuck Schumer (Senate Minority Leader): While the Senate largely avoided direct confrontation, Schumer’s Republican counterparts—particularly Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell—stalled on the budget resolution that would have funded the wall. - Other Key Legislators: House Speaker Paul Ryan and Republican leaders like Lindsey Graham and Mike Lee were central in opposing wall funding.

Key Events: - December 22, 2018: The House of Representatives voted to halt funding in an unprecedented move that forced the shutdown. - January 25, 2019: Trump signed a bill that allowed $2.2 billion in emergency funds for border security, a compromise that did not fully satisfy the wall’s budget.

Impact: - Federal Workforce: More than 800,000 federal employees were furloughed, many without paychecks for weeks. Workers in agencies like the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Department of the Interior faced unprecedented disruptions. - Public Services: National parks, museums, and some federal agencies (e.g., the Social Security Administration) were temporarily closed or limited in operations. - Economic Fallout: A study estimated that the shutdown cost the U.S. economy $11–$12 billion in lost productivity. - Political Fallout: The event amplified calls for new rules around “automatic continuing resolutions” (CRs), which would ensure that the federal government remains funded even when lawmakers fail to agree on a budget.

The Role of Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer

In the 2018–2019 shutdown, Schumer’s role was largely indirect. He was a vocal supporter of a more balanced approach to border security but did not directly oppose the wall. However, Schumer and other Democrats were critical of the GOP’s “no‑wall” stance, arguing that the focus should be on more comprehensive immigration reform. Their reluctance to support the emergency funding measure ultimately meant that the Senate had to defer to a compromise bill that fell short of the administration’s demands.

Schumer’s position underscored the difficulty Democrats faced in balancing opposition to the wall with the need to avoid another shutdown—an issue that became even more pressing as the shutdown extended into the new year and risked breaching federal law on continuing resolutions.

Lessons Learned and Policy Reforms

1. Automatic Continuing Resolutions: In response to the 2018–2019 shutdown, Congress passed the “Continuing Resolutions Act of 2019,” which mandates a CR if the fiscal year is not funded by January 5. This measure aimed to preclude future shutdowns by ensuring that essential services remain funded in the event of a political stalemate.
2. Bipartisan Budget Negotiations: The shutdowns illustrate how deeply polarized views on entitlement spending, healthcare, and immigration can stall budget negotiations. The AP piece notes that both parties have, at times, used shutdowns as leverage—a tactic that can erode public trust.
3. Fiscal Discipline: Critics argue that the repeated shutdowns point to a broader systemic failure: Congress’s willingness to use the “fiscal cliff”—a series of tax increases and spending cuts—to enforce fiscal discipline. The debate over the 2023 budget shows that these dynamics are far from settled.

Looking Ahead

The Associated Press article underscores that while recent policy changes aim to prevent another 35‑day shutdown, the political climate remains fragile. The Biden administration’s fiscal plans, especially around entitlement spending and infrastructure, could again bring Congress and the President into conflict. In a 2023 poll cited by the AP, a significant share of the electorate expressed concern that another shutdown could disrupt essential services and harm the economy.

The historical timeline presented by the AP article reveals a pattern: each shutdown, whether caused by a dispute over the “wall,” health care reform, or entitlement cuts, magnified partisan divisions and highlighted the need for more robust, bipartisan fiscal mechanisms. Whether the new rules will hold the line remains to be seen, but the 35‑day shutdown of 2018–2019 will undoubtedly remain a cautionary tale for lawmakers, the media, and voters alike.