Thu, January 9, 2025
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: Reuters
Jimmy Carter funeral: Biden, grandson Jason Carter deliver eulogies
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Former US presidents, President-elect Trump and rival Harris at Jimmy Carter's Washington funeral
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Lebanon's army chief elected president, showing weakened Hezbollah
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: ABC
Attorney General Merrick Garland informs Congress .. counsel Jack Smith's Trump probes have concluded
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Union ministers meet over Karnataka's mining tax and its economic repercussions
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: ABC
Attorney General Merrick Garland informs Congress .. ounsel's Donald Trump investigation has concluded
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: Vox
The madman theory of Trump and tariffs
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: Reuters
Italy's Meloni defends Musk's political comments amid Starlink talks
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Republicans won the election's influencer race. Democrats want to catch up.
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Trump loves populists and strongmen. Here's who he's invited to the inauguration
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
In their final meeting, Zelenskyy and Austin say military aid to Ukraine must continue under Trump
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: Firstpost
Focus on Pierre Poilievre as Canada searches for Trudeau's replacement
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
How Trump 'vastly expanded his power' in 'two short months' since election victory
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: Reuters
Viktor Orban's challenger sees strong EU, NATO ties, 'pragmatic' approach to Russia
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
As Maduro inauguration looms, Venezuela opposition plan street protests
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: Politico
Ciattarelli dark money comes to light
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Elon Musk's Starlink deal with Italy raises security concerns
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Lammy laughs off Trump's threat to seize Greenland and Panama Canal
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Government increasingly treating the law as a suggestion
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
The need for social care reform is 'bleedin' obvi .. ernment must announce plans in 2025, Dilnot urges
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: Politico
Jimmy Carter's final accord
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: Reuters
Meet the influencer who has Musk's ear on Germany's far-right
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Commentary: Trump's targeted tariff proposals are already a notable success
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Closer defence ties pledged as PLA joint staff chief Liu Zhenli visits Malaysia
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
2019: Trump blames California's Newsom and Pelosi for wildfires
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Jimmy Carter's funeral will bring all five living presidents together in Washington, D.C.
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Envoy says sloppy American defence firms 'bigger risk' to US security than China
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
BJP may announce 300 units free power, Ladli Behna-like scheme for Delhi: Sources
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
'Obamacare' hits record enrolment, but under Trump 2.0, the future is uncertain
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Demonstration against possible far-right government in Austria
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Northern Territory residents 'not happy' with Albanese and Labor: Jacinta Price
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Arvind Kejriwal writes to PM Modi, seeks inclusion of Jats in OBC list
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
State funeral for former president Carter to take place in Washington
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Canada Suddenly Has No Leader, and No Plan, for a Trump Trade Fight
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: Reuters
US Supreme Court Justice Alito spoke to Trump on Tuesday
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Myanmar on path of Bangladesh and Syria...losing .. ebels daily, a new country to come up near India?
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Instagram and Threads will recommend political content now, says Adam Mosseri
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Qatar Condemns Israel's Alleged Historic Maps Publication
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Venezuela braces for crunch anti-Maduro protests
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: Indiatimes
Delhi Election 2025 Live Updates: Arvind Kejriwal writes to PM Modi over Jat reservation
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Not a single penny from sewage fines goes to clean up rivers
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
'Win for free speech and common sense': TV host welcomes Meta scrapping fact checkers
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: ABC
'He is the blame for this': Trump points finger at Newsom for wildfires with disputed evidence
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Former Denver mayor to attend former President Jimmy Carter's funeral
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Ford continues to push back against Trump's comments on Canada
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Elon Musk calls German chancellor "crazy and incompetent"
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Where is Greenland and why does Trump want it?
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Florida lawmakers consider banning political flags from schools, government buildings
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Farmers oppose land acquisition by govt at mahapanchayat in Jewar's Thora
[ Thu, Jan 09th ]: MSN
Denver city official wins seat in state Senate, t .. ator selected by vacancy committee in recent days
Wed, January 8, 2025
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: ABC
Trump and Senate Republicans still divided on how to implement his agenda
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: BBC
Keir Starmer and Kemi Badenoch clash over a national inquiry into grooming gangs
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: Richmond
Water-less, but not grumbling, Virginia legislators meet briefly
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: Sky
MPs vote against new national inquiry into grooming gangs
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: Reuters
Canada's main opposition leader Poilievre rides wave of anti-Trudeau discontent
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: i
Trump and 'toxic' borrowing costs could force Reeves to hike taxes or cut spending
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: PBS
Trump asks the Supreme Court to block Friday's sentencing in his New York hush money case
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Pennington County gets new county commissioners
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Court decision on Cuomo ethics commission under scrutiny, appeal
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Elon Musk's dangerous influence on our politics - The Irish News view
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
TikTok's fate divides Trump and fellow Republicans as Supreme Court action looms
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Jean-Marie Le Pen's legacy of provocation and hate speech
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
New faces, familiar issues mark day one of 2025 Pa. legislative session
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Trump is considering a national economic emergenc .. tion to allow for new tariff program, sources say
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Trump's Tariffs: President-Elect Can't Guarantee Prices (And What That Means for Your Money)
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: Politico
Trumping the issues
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Akron City Council debate continues over nearly $ .. ,000 proposal to audit police use of force policy
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Jimmy Carter's Funeral: Will Schools, Colleges, NADAQ And NYSE Remain Shut On Thursday?
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Risk of Israel-Turkey war in new Syria assessed by Israeli government commission
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Tehran releases Italian journalist Cecilia Sala from prison
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Poll sees fewer respondants say they have deep connection to Canada
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Four out of ten Germans worried about political future
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Elon Musk's attacks on Europe's leaders and embra .. o U.S. allies their relationship is set to change
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: Slate
Elon Musk Is Living Out His Dark George Soros Fantasy
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Soaring electricity bills could hobble California's green energy push: report
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Fahmi: Efforts underway to return Palestinians in .. ia for medical care, govt coordinating with Egypt
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Trump won't rule out use of military force to take control of Greenland and the Panama Canal
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: ABC
What are Linda McMahon's chances to be education secretary?
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
NATO Nation's Final Warning To U.S.-backed Militia; 'YPG Has To Go,' Turkey Tells Jolani | Syria
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
In exclusive sit-down, Biden reveals his biggest regret and the compliment Trump gave him
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Biden on his son, Hunter, and his controversial pardon: 'Thank God he's doing really well'
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Live Briefing: Trump says 'all hell will break out' if no hostage deal by inauguration
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Far-right leader pledges to 'govern Austria honestly' and makes demands of potential partner
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Start of Virginia's General Assembly session delayed because of Richmond water outage
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: ABC
Trump threatens land grabs of Panama Canal, Greenland, even by force. Can he?: ANALYSIS
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Off The Rails And Off To The Races
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
UGC draft on VC appointments sparks federalism debate in Tamil Nadu
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Is Israel's government listening? British minister won't say if her country's views are ignored
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Texas Oil and Gas Association set new record in state and local taxes and state royalties
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Iran tells France to review 'unconstructive' approach ahead of meeting
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Taiwan Issues Warning Over China's Push to Grant Local IDs and Citizenship to Taiwanese
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: dailymemphian
Memphis Parks Director leaving the city
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
JESSE WATTERS: Trump has got his eye on a country, an island and a canal
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
U.S. refunding application fees for immigration program for citizens' spouses
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Plains post office renamed after Jimmy, Rosalynn Carter
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Elon Musk Says 'Thank You, Britain!' After Poll R .. Britons Celebrate His Involvement In UK Politics
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
Devajit Saikia and Prabhtej Singh Bhatia To Be Elected Unopposed At BCCI SGM
[ Wed, Jan 08th ]: MSN
US says Sudanese rebel force has committed genocide and imposes sanctions on the group's leaders
Tue, January 7, 2025
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: CNN
Trump lobs global threats and rails against legal cases in wide-ranging remarks
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: ABC
Biden administration seeks stay of plea deal for alleged 9/11 mastermind
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: ABC
House passes Laken Riley Act as 1st bill of new GOP-controlled Congress
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: Slate
What, Exactly, Happened to Justin Trudeau? And What Happens Next in Canada?
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: Mint
Politics News News Today Live: Wall Street eyes a .. IPO year with $18 billion in potential offerings
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: Richmond
Youngkin wants tax relief legacy; Dems in assembly have other ideas
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: CNN
Fact check: Trump makes false claims about January 6, Europe, NATO and Canada
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: Reuters
US determines Sudan's RSF committed genocide, imposes sanctions on leader
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: Vanguard
Women and Gender in Conflict and Post-Conflict Politics in Nigeria
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Why does Donald Trump want to buy Greenland?
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: cnbctv18
Delhi Election 2025 Dates Live: AAP alleges BJP g .. hi's official residence due to political vendetta
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: ABC
House passes Laken Riley Act as first bill of new Congress
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: Time
How Canada Fell Out of Love With Trudeau
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: Reuters
US allows transactions with governing institutions in Syria despite sanctions
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
GOP leaders are moving ahead with the Laken Riley Act. What's in the bill?
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Michael Cohen's Warning to Donald Trump's New Staffers
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Will the Social Security Fairness Act Bankrupt SSA Trust Funds?
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: CNN
Why the clock is already ticking on the new GOP congressional majority
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: AgWeb
Canada Gears up for Potential Trade Tensions with Trump
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: Sky
Failure to report child sex abuse to become criminal offence amid grooming gangs row
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: ABC
Donald Trump Jr. visits Greenland as his father says deal for US to buy it 'must happen'
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Bill O'Reilly was in a 'Cabinet meeting' during Mar-a-lago visit
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Maddow Blog | Kamala Harris' post-election grace hasn't always been reciprocated
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
UK scraps plan to ban gas boilers by 2035: Can the government boost heat pump uptake?
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Jimmy Carter funeral updates: Kamala Harris to de .. iver eulogy as president lies in state at Capitol
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Sterilizations Are Surging in Red States
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: Richmond
Mayor: Richmond water pressure could return Tuesday afternoon
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Live updates: Senate readies confirmation hearings for Hegseth, other Trump picks
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
The Soros, Musk models of politics
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
European court rules against Greece over migrant' .. illegal deportation, calls practice 'systematic'
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
The Pa. House is tied 101-101 for the first day o .. Democratic state rep suffered a health emergency
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Will Donald Trump be able to save TikTok in the US?
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
'Pod Save America' Bros Rip Biden and Harris for 'Good Losers' Attitude
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
The State Department still needs to combat Chinese and Russian lies
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
What Justin Trudeau's Resignation Means for Immigration at Northern Border
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Carney 'considering' campaign to replace Canada's Trudeau
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
New Orleans attack came as the FBI was facing political heat and bracing for a transition
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Trade threats still loom for Canada despite Trudeau resignation
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: Firstpost
World leaders vs Elon Musk: What's the latest in this political drama?
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Starmer's Tory-style plan to slash red tape and make you richer
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
US attorney Joshua S. Levy announces departure
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Zille defends DA-led Western Cape government, say .. than Camps Bay following Mashatile's condemnation
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: ITV
Grooming gangs inquiry chief: No need for new probe, government must 'just get on' with reforms
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: Richmond
A compromise but no consensus on Virginia solar bill
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Mark Carney: From running the Banks of England and Canada to trying to succeed Justin Trudeau
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Nurses and midwives demand better pay deal to make Starmer's new NHS plan work
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: Sky
How Elon Musk is driving UK government policy
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Delhi will vote on 5 February, counting on 8th. How results may reshape national politics
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Pope appoints Trump critic to be archbishop of Wa .. oints first female leader of a Vatican department
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: AOL
Keir Starmer torpedoes Elon Musk over 'lies' about grooming gangs
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
SNP Budget to pass after Scottish Labour say they will abstain on tax and spending plan
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Ashwini Vaishnaw launches official calendar of Government of India
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Starmer Says Musk Attacks on UK Mean Line Has Been Crossed
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Elon Musk says "2025 is looking good" in response to Justin Trudeau's resignation as Canadian PM
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Delhi Polls: Election Commissioner Counters AAP's 'Addition And Deletion Of Electoral Roll' Claim
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Afghans land in the Philippines for visa processing ahead of resettlement in US
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: ABC
Trump backtracks from 'one big, beautiful bill' to fund his agenda
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Winter Woes in the UK and US: Pensioners Left Struggling as Leaders Slash Support
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Justin Trudeau Resigns: Could his departure ease tensions between Canada and India?
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: MSN
Should Trump pardon their Jan 6 dad? A mother and son disagree
[ Tue, Jan 07th ]: Firstpost
Chrystia Freeland, Mark Carney & more: The many in fray to replace Justin Trudeau
Mon, January 6, 2025
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
BJP government is 'mahanga maada' sarkar: Naveen Patnaik at BJD price rise protest
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
'Rocky road ahead': Trump struggles to 'quickly' get GOP on board with legislation
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
What's next for Canada after Trudeau's resignation
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Musk suggests Americans should 'liberate' the British from their 'tyrannical government'
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Connecticut Democrats' veto-proof majority and the 2025 budget session
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Elon Musk Is Roiling European Politics
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: Time
Canada Prime Minister Justin Trudeau to Step Down as Leader of Liberal Party. What to Know
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Trump escalates plans to acquire Greenland after resident pleads: 'Denmark's using us'
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Donald Trump Jr. To Visit Greenland After President-Elect Muses About Taking Control
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: Politico
Musk takes governance-by-X to Europe
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Readers' Letters: It's rich for Swinney to accuse others of 'playing politics'
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
U.S. Steel, Nippon Steel Challenge Biden's Move to Kill $14.1 Billion Deal
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
The rise and fall of Justin Trudeau as Canadian prime minister resigns
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Dems Shift Into Role As Opposition Party With Reminders That They're The Adults In The Room
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: Reuters
The child rape scandal dominating UK politics after Musk criticism
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Joe Biden Officially Signs Bill to Allow Commanders to Officially Relocate
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: Yahoo
Justin Trudeau resigns as Liberal Party leader: C .. ter the prime minister's historic news conference
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: Richmond
A compromise but no consensus on solar siting bill
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Barbara Lee opens campaign account for potential Oakland mayor bid
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Social Security Fairness Act brings retirement changes for nearly 3 million public pensioners
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
'It's time:' Residents in Justin Trudeau's Montreal riding react to his resignation
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
B.C. reacts to Trudeau's resignation
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: AOL
Trudeau's star power dimmed after weathering pandemic and Trump
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Social Security Fairness Act Will Boost Retirement Benefits For Millions. Will You Be Impacted?
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Gov. Little's 'Keeping Promises' plan aims to keep Idaho strong
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
'Carter is arguably the most misunderstood' president: Johnathan Alter
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Wisconsin's Evers revives plan to enable voters to repeal and create state laws
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: Yahoo
Vice President Kamala Harris certifies her own election loss on Jan. 6: 'A sacred obligation'
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Trump, Republicans prep ambitious but fraught plan for tax cuts and more
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Trump's position on funding his agenda shifts from 'one, beautiful bill'
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Justin Trudeau resigns after nine years in Canadian politics: A timeline of key events
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Justin Trudeau to resign as Canada's prime minister and Liberal Party leader
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: Time
History Cautions Against Pardons for Jan. 6 Rioters
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: ABC
Former Proud Boys leader Enrique Tarrio asks Trump for pardon
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
UK Parties Unite in Urging Trump to Rethink Musk's Meddling
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Kamala and Speaker Johnson greet each other before electoral certification
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Jimmy Carter's Ruinous Neoliberal Legacy
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Trudeau's leaves mixed global legacy as he exits during turbulent time, analysts say
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Joe Biden defends his legacy as oldest President .. ters: 'I know more world leaders than any of you'
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: Yahoo
Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announces his resignation
[ Mon, Jan 06th ]: MSN
Newfoundland and Labrador energy deal with Quebec under scrutiny as debate opens

UGC draft on VC appointments sparks federalism debate in Tamil Nadu


  Copy link into your clipboard //politics-government.news-articles.net/content/ .. ents-sparks-federalism-debate-in-tamil-nadu.html
  Print publication without navigation Published in Politics and Government on by MSN
          🞛 This publication is a summary or evaluation of another publication 🞛 This publication contains editorial commentary or bias from the source


  Tamil Nadu government has strongly opposed the step taken by the central government to allow governors the authority to appoint Vice Chancellors and other non-academic members.

The University Grants Commission (UGC) has introduced draft guidelines for the appointment of vice-chancellors in state universities, which has ignited a debate on federalism in Tamil Nadu. The guidelines suggest the inclusion of a nominee from the UGC chairman in the search-cum-selection committees, a move seen by some state officials and academics as an overreach into state autonomy. Critics argue that this could undermine the state's authority over its educational institutions, potentially leading to central control over state universities. Tamil Nadu's Higher Education Minister K. Ponmudy has voiced concerns, emphasizing that education is a state subject under the Indian Constitution, and any such guidelines should respect state rights. This has led to discussions on the balance of power between the central government and states, with fears that the UGC's move might set a precedent for further centralization of educational governance.

Read the Full MSN Article at:
[ https://www.msn.com/en-in/politics/government/ugc-draft-on-vc-appointments-sparks-federalism-debate-in-tamil-nadu/ar-AA1x9gcm ]

Publication Contributing Sources